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India Banking Report . The global financial crisis did not affect the Indian banks significantly. Nearly 4. 0% of the population does not have a bank account and only 1. Even after sustained growth since the nineties, the share of consumer credit remains very low in total bank loans. The banking sector in India has a relatively high proportion of women CEO’s. The chief executives of leading domestic lenders ICICI Bank and Axis Bank, besides the country heads of HSBC, JP Morgan, UBS, and RBS are all women. Until recently, two among the Reserve Bank of India’s four deputy governors were also women. In 2. 00. 8, when the global banking industry was being shaken by the tremors of the unfolding financial crisis, only one bank in India felt the aftershocks, and this, only because one of its overseas subsidiaries had made an opportunistic bet on debt issued by the failed investment bank Lehman Brothers. While the market valuations of all the leading banks in India slipped as equity prices tumbled, their businesses were not affected and their balance sheets remained healthy. Most domestic commentators continue to hold up this episode as evidence of the inherent strengths of the Indian banking industry and have lauded the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the country’s central bank and banking regulator, for sticking with its conservative approach. When regulators around the world were loosening their grasp over the banking and financial services industry, RBI steadfastly held on to the strings that prevented banks in India from making risky investments and following highly aggressive business practices. Though some of the country’s younger banks have fast growing asset management and insurance businesses, the industry’s bread and butter is still industrial lending. Asset Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations are still unheard of in the country, while Indian lenders warmed up to the idea of teaser rate mortgages only after the global financial crisis. Official Full-Text Publication: Does Informal Credit Provide Security? Rural Banking Policy in India By on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists. For rights of reproduction. Services through mobile telephone, the Government of India, in November, 2009, 9 Rural mobile tele-density was 51.19 as on 31.04.2016. Rural India as well as Gen Y and develop products and services focused on their needs. Indian banks took a major step forward in customer services when the Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI) were released in 2006. A lot has still to be done. SECC-2011 BPL Census 2002 Household Survey 2002 Parliament Updates Lok Sabha Parliament Questions & Answers Rajya Sabha Parliament Questions & Answers Online Applications Online Submission of Online Monitoring for MPR Monthly MoM for MoPR. Banking Sector in India: Counting on Credit Growth Fast Facts India’s banking industry has evolved over a long period of more than two centuries. Despite the recent growth of private banks, the sector is dominated by government-controlled banks that hold. Rural Bank Internet Banking provides you with 24/7 access to your e-statements. Do I need to register for e-statements? Yes, the archive retrieval function will enable you to retrieve e-statements via Internet Banking dating back to May 2011. So far, they do not appear to be any worse for it. The Indian banking industry is also well capitalized and capital ratios are above the global average. The average tier- 1 capital adequacy ratio of the Indian banking industry is above 1. Basel III norm of 8. The average total capital of banks in India stood at 1. March 3. 1, 2. 01. Basel III requirement of 1. Leading Indian Banks by Assets and Market Capitalization Bank. Majority Shareholding. Asset Size (in $ Billions)Market Capitalization (in $ Billions)Stock Listing. State Bank of India. Government. 31. 43. Mumbai, London. ICICI Bank. Private. 81. 25. 6. Mumbai,New York. Punjab National Bank. Government. 66. 7. Mumbai. Bank of Baroda. Government. 62. 7. Mumbai. Bank of India. Government. 61. 5. Mumbai. Canara Bank. Government. 59. 5. Mumbai. IDBI Bank. Government. 52. 2. Mumbai. HDFC Bank. Private. 49. 22. 2. Mumbai. Union Bank of India. Government. 43. 3. Mumbai. Axis Bank. Private. 40. 11. 6. Mumbai, London. Market capitalization data based on full capitalization as on March 1. Bank Assets as on March 3. Source: Indian Banks Association. However, it can also be argued that the cautious regulatory controls have stifled the growth of the banking industry in India. This is the sector with the most entry barriers as the RBI has not issued new banking licenses for well over a decade. Foreign shareholdings in domestic banks are restricted and foreign banks have to wait years to get permission to start banking operations or expand their network. Except for a few cases where the large banks were encouraged by the RBI to acquire failing banks, the industry has not seen any meaningful consolidation. As a result, while India continues to move up the ranks of the largest economies in the world, most Indian banks are significantly smaller than their global counterparts. They are no match to even banks in other emerging economies like China, and only one bank from India is ranked among the global top- 1. Also the cost of financial intermediation is relatively high in India and banks enjoy wide net interest margins. Access to banking services is poor across vast areas of the country’s rural hinterlands and as a result, more than 4. The World Economic Forum currently ranks India 3. China, South Africa, and Brazil. An industry built over more than two centuries. The origins of the banking industry in India go as far back as the 1. Joint- stock banks made their entry during the second half of the 1. Allahabad Bank and Punjab National Bank, have survived to this day. So have several of the banks promoted by the small kingdoms during the first half of the 2. Indian government. Foreign banks, including The Chartered Bank, which came to the country in 1. HSBC, which followed in 1. India and Britain in the 1. The early 1. 9th century also saw the emergence of three large banks, Bank of Bengal, Bank of Bombay, and the Bank of Madras, named after the three major cities that were the regional administrative bases of the English East India Company, which ruled most of the country during that period. Collectively called the presidency banks, they dominated the industry as bankers to the government, and also functioned as the country’s central bank. The Imperial Bank of India was established during the first half of the 2. Reserve Bank of India was formed by the British government in 1. It was subsequently renamed the State Bank of India after India became free from British rule in 1. Interestingly, one of the earliest banking industry crises in India was triggered by the American Civil War. As cotton supplies to Britain from the U. S. To exploit this opportunity better, some cotton traders set up banks to finance their export trade. However, as the war ended in 1. U. S. Traders who had large inventories and the banks that financed them went bankrupt. At the time of India’s independence, almost all major banks except the State Bank of India were privately owned. They remained so for the next two decades until 1. More than nine- tenths of the banking industry came under government control after the forced acquisition of private banks continued in 1. The industry remained closed to private promoters until the early nineties, when the government decided to issue new banking licenses as part of economic liberalization. Though the entry and growth of new private banks over the last two decades has transformed the Indian banking industry, the government- controlled banks still dominate. Together they command nearly three- fourths of the total banking industry assets and an even bigger share of the branch network. However, the new private banks have been far ahead of the government- controlled banks in utilizing technology to integrate their network and offer more efficient services. They have also been more aggressive in exploiting the business opportunities in the financial services space. Some of the largest private banks in India are now also among the top players in insurance and asset management. Their strong presence in the fast growing financial services sector has helped the leading private banks attract far higher equity market valuations, despite their relatively small balance sheet size. Banking regulation remains cautious. As in most countries, the central bank is entrusted with the role of banking regulator in India and the Reserve Bank of India is widely acknowledged as an efficient, but cautious regulator. The government still drives the broader policy framework for the industry, including setting the limits for foreign investments in the sector. While the Indian government has opened up most sectors of the economy to foreign investors over the last two decades, it has been more guarded about banking and financial services. Accordingly, the aggregate foreign investment limit in domestic private banks increased from 4. The limit covers all investments by foreigners, including portfolio investments. In addition, the RBI has other restrictions that are aimed at ensuring wider distribution of bank shareholding. Investments exceeding 5% of a bank’s equity capital by a foreign investor require RBI approval, and a single foreign investor cannot hold more than 1. These restrictions have also been progressively applied to the domestic shareholders of the smaller private banks, but some of the larger and healthier banks have been given specific exemptions. Further, no bank can hold more than 5% of the shares of another bank, except when a bank on the verge of failure is acquired. The limits on foreign investment do not apply to foreign banks starting a subsidiary or branch network, wholly- owned by the promoting bank. Like regulators in some other countries, in granting new banking licenses, the RBI often favors applicants from countries that have favorable policies for Indian banks seeking to open overseas branches or expand existing ones. As a result, it may take several years for a new foreign aspirant to get a license. More than a dozen applications from foreign banks for banking licenses now await RBI approval, including well- known names like Goldman Sachs. The RBI has also been careful when allowing new branches for existing foreign banks, but the number of branches approved has always exceeded India’s WTO commitment of a dozen new branches a year. What’s more, the RBI also has policies to direct bank credit to sectors that are deemed socially or economically important by the government. Accordingly, all domestic banks are required to lend at least 4. For foreign banks, the requirement is lower at 3. Limited deposit insurance is available to customers of all banks, including foreign banks. Though it influences the credit policies of the banking industry through specific lending requirements, the Indian government generally has less sway over banks when compared to select other emerging economies like China. By and large, banks in India do not boost or curtail credit flows at the government’s bidding. There is simply no DOS emulator on the market that will give you the simplicity of printing on modern printer hardware that db. DOS. It is not a version of d. BASE. I’m very happy with it.! We no longer have to stockpile old PC Hardware! How to print a pdf with.NET directly to the printer - without print dialogs! Works with asp.net too! See many ways to handle this. Print. Fil: DOS to USB printer. DOS2. USB literally means . Its syntax is: NET USE LPTx: \\computer\printer. LPTx is the port to redirect (LPT1: , LPT2: , LPT3: )\\computer\printer is the printer's shared name in the network (yes, you need to have the Windows Networking Services up and running to have this working, even though it does seem to be a different need)This method does have some downsides however: a) the need for having a network correctly setup and a printer shared on the network, that most often means giving full Administrator rights to the Windows user running the DOS program just for that purpose (a security lack)b) it does not work reliably, especially of newest Windows systems (where security for Standard, 'non- Administrator', users has been enhanced a lot)c) the printer addressed that way still needs to be DOS- compatible (even if it can be connected to an USB port)For these reasons our Printfil software provides a better way to redirect a LPT port to a Windows printer, without using the Microsoft networking Services, but capturing the data directly at the NT- Kernel level. 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Subroutine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In computer programming, a subroutine is a sequence of program instructions that perform a specific task, packaged as a unit. This unit can then be used in programs wherever that particular task should be performed. Subprograms may be defined within programs, or separately in libraries that can be used by multiple programs. In different programming languages, a subroutine may be called a procedure, a function, a routine, a method, or a subprogram. How to dynamically pass an internal table name thru a subroutine. This statement takes an internal table containing ABAP source. Forms in the temporary subroutine pool can be called using PERFORM. Hi, SUBMIT command is used to call one program from other program. Here if you use RETURN then the control will return to 1st calling program after the execution of the 2nd program. External Subroutine: Subroutine that exists. You can test function modules in a stand-alone mode independent of the calling program. The internal subroutine can access all of the global data of the calling program. The subroutine can then be called from another. Modularization: Passing Parameters to Subroutines. The external program containing the subroutine is loaded. Listing 18.11 Calling the Subroutine Shown in Listing 18.12. They may be placed anywhere in your program but it's probably best to put them all at the beginning or all at the end. The following subroutine tests to see if one string is inside another, spaces not. Applies to: This document applies to SAP ECC 6.0, SAP Netweaver 2004s. For more information, visit the ABAP homepage. Summary This article contains information on Subroutines and its implementation in SAP ECC 6.0. Hi ABAP guru's how to call a subroutine which i have written in my layout set into se38. You may find it more useful if the ABAP program reads the table without using the. The generic term callable unit is sometimes used. A subroutine is often coded so that it can be started (called) several times and from several places during one execution of the program, including from other subroutines, and then branch back (return) to the next instruction after the call, once the subroutine's task is done. Maurice Wilkes, David Wheeler, and Stanley Gill are credited with the invention of this concept, which they termed a closed subroutine. Judicious use of subroutines (for example, through the structured programming approach) will often substantially reduce the cost of developing and maintaining a large program, while increasing its quality and reliability. The discipline of object- oriented programming is based on objects and methods (which are subroutines attached to these objects or object classes). In the compiling method called threaded code, the executable program is basically a sequence of subroutine calls. Main concepts. The calling program provides actual values for these parameters, called arguments. Different programming languages may use different conventions for passing arguments: Convention. Description. Common use. Call by value. Argument is evaluated and copy of value is passed to subroutine. Calling a subroutine from another program! Hi, Am calling a perform in my program which is used in another program. The syntax am using is perform run(yhf. Default in most Algol- like languages after Algol 6. Pascal, Delphi, Simula, CPL, PL/M, Modula, Oberon, Ada, and many others. C, C++, Java (References to objects and arrays are also passed by value)Call by reference. Reference to argument, typically its address is passed. Selectable in most Algol- like languages after Algol 6. Algol 6. 8, Pascal, Delphi, Simula, CPL, PL/M, Modula, Oberon, Ada, and many others. C (structures and arrays), C++, Fortran, PL/ICall by result. Parameter value is copied back to argument on return from the subroutine. Ada OUT parameters. Call by value- result. Parameter value is copied back on entry to the subroutine and again on return. Algol. Call by name. Like a macro . Indeed, a common use of subroutines is to implement mathematical functions, in which the purpose of the subroutine is purely to compute one or more results whose values are entirely determined by the parameters passed to the subroutine. A subprogram with side effects may return different results each time it is called, even if it is called with the same arguments. An example is a random number function, available in many languages, that returns a different pseudo- random number each time it is called. The widespread use of subroutines with side effects is a characteristic of imperative programming languages. A subroutine can be coded so that it may call itself recursively, at one or more places, to perform its task. This method allows direct implementation of functions defined by mathematical induction and recursive divide and conquer algorithms. A subroutine whose purpose is to compute one boolean- valued function (that is, to answer a yes/no question) is sometimes called a predicate. In logic programming languages, often. In those languages, function calls are normally embedded in expressions (e. Procedure calls either behave syntactically as statements (e. CALL or GOSUB (e. Other languages, such as C and Lisp, do not distinguish between functions and subroutines. In strictly functional programming languages such as Haskell, subprograms can have no side effects, which means that various internal states of the program will not change. Functions will always return the same result if repeatedly called with the same arguments. Such languages typically only support functions, since subroutines that do not return a value have no use unless they can cause a side effect. In programming languages such as C, C++, and C#, subroutines may also simply be called functions, not to be confused with mathematical functions or functional programming, which are different concepts. A language's compiler will usually translate procedure calls and returns into machine instructions according to a well- defined calling convention, so that subroutines can be compiled separately from the programs that call them. The instruction sequences corresponding to call and return statements are called the procedure's prologue and epilogue. Advantages. The arithmetic and conditional jump instructions were planned ahead of time and have changed relatively little; but the special instructions used for procedure calls have changed greatly over the years. The earliest computers and microprocessors, such as the Small- Scale Experimental Machine and the RCA 1. Subroutines could be implemented, but they required programmers to use the call sequence. Some very early computers and microprocessors, such as the IBM 1. Intel 8. 00. 8, and the PIC microcontrollers, have a single- instruction subroutine call that uses dedicated hardware stack to store return addresses. Machines before the mid 1. This allows arbitrarily deep levels of subroutine nesting, but does not support recursive subroutines. The PDP- 1. 1 (1. Subroutines were not explicitly separated from each other or from the main program, and indeed the source code of a subroutine could be interspersed with that of other subprograms. Some assemblers would offer predefined macros to generate the call and return sequences. By the 1. 96. 0s, assemblers usually had much more sophisticated support for both inline and separately assembled subroutines that could be linked together. Subroutine libraries. For one thing they allowed use of the same code in many different programs. Moreover, memory was a very scarce resource on early computers, and subroutines allowed significant savings in the size of programs. Many early computers loaded the program instructions into memory from a punched paper tape. Each subroutine could then be provided by a separate piece of tape, loaded or spliced before or after the main program (or . A similar approach applied in computers which used punched cards for their main input. The name subroutine library originally meant a library, in the literal sense, which kept indexed collections of tapes or card- decks for collective use. Return by indirect jump. To return, the subroutine had only to execute an indirect branch instruction (BR) through that register. If the subroutine needed that register for some other purpose (such as calling another subroutine), it would save the register's contents to a private memory location or a register stack. In systems such as the HP 2. JSB instruction would perform a similar task, except that the return address was stored in the memory location that was the target of the branch. Execution of the procedure would actually begin at the next memory location. In the HP 2. 10. 0 assembly language, one would write, for example. The subroutine would be coded as. MYSUB NOP (Storage for MYSUB's return address.). AA .. The subroutine could then return to the main program by executing the indirect jump JMP MYSUB,I which branched to the location stored at location MYSUB. Compilers for Fortran and other languages could easily make use of these instructions when available. This approach supported multiple levels of calls; however, since the return address, parameters, and return values of a subroutine were assigned fixed memory locations, it did not allow for recursive calls. Incidentally, a similar method was used by Lotus 1- 2- 3, in the early 1. Namely, a location was reserved in each cell to store the return address. Since circular references are not allowed for natural recalculation order, this allows a tree walk without reserving space for a stack in memory, which was very limited on small computers such as the IBM PC. Call stack. Each procedure call creates a new entry, called a stack frame, at the top of the stack; when the procedure returns, its stack frame is deleted from the stack, and its space may be used for other procedure calls. Each stack frame contains the private data of the corresponding call, which typically includes the procedure's parameters and internal variables, and the return address. The call sequence can be implemented by a sequence of ordinary instructions (an approach still used in reduced instruction set computing (RISC) and very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures), but many traditional machines designed since the late 1. The call stack is usually implemented as a contiguous area of memory. It is an arbitrary design choice whether the bottom of the stack is the lowest or highest address within this area, so that the stack may grow forwards or backwards in memory; however, many architectures chose the latter. The former was, or worked like, a call stack and was only indirectly accessible to the programmer through other language constructs while the latter was more directly accessible. When stack- based procedure calls were first introduced, an important motivation was to save precious memory. At any moment, the stack contains only the private data of the calls that are currently active (namely, which have been called but haven't returned yet). Because of the ways in which programs were usually assembled from libraries, it was (and still is) not uncommon to find programs that include thousands of subroutines, of which only a handful are active at any given moment. Indeed, the call stack mechanism can be viewed as the earliest and simplest method for automatic memory management. However, another advantage of the call stack method is that it allows recursive subroutine calls, since each nested call to the same procedure gets a separate instance of its private data. Delayed stacking . How to Install and Connect to Postgre. SQL on Cent. OS 7. Postgre. SQL (pronounced . Your request has been submitted and we’ll be sending you a $7. Storm coupon shortly!
The recommended way is to install the prebuilt postgresql binaries. Postgres provides a Tool to manage the Database called psql. Sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib. Since the only user who can connect to a fresh install is the postgres user. |
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